Summary List Placement
- The perfect way to start an email, especially when you’re writing to a stranger, is to keep it simple.
- Email greetings you should avoid are ones that could be construed as too casual, too formal, or even insulting.
- Here’s how to start an email the right way.
- Visit BusinessInsider.com for more stories.
Figuring out how to start an email or instant message – especially when you’re writing to someone you don’t know very well – can be a challenge.
Is “Hey” too casual? Is “Dear” overly formal? Is “Morning!” too cheery?
In a time when the novel coronavirus pandemic has many people working remotely, it’s more important than ever to know how to send a solid email. And how you begin an email is important, it sets the tone and may shape the recipient’s perception of you. It may also determine whether a person keeps reading.
"Many people have strong feelings about what you do to their names and how you address them," Barbara Pachter, a business-etiquette expert, told Business Insider. "If you offend someone in the salutation, that person may not read any further. It may also affect that person's opinion of you."
We had Pachter and Will Schwalbe, who co-authored "Send: Why People Email So Badly and How to Do It Better" with David Shipley, weigh in on a handful of common email greetings.
Of course, the perfect way to start an email will depend on who you're writing to, but in general when you're writing a business email to someone you don't know well or at all, they said there's one safe choice - and a bunch you should usually avoid.
WINNER: 'Hi [name], ... '
If you want to make it a little more formal, you can always use the person's last name: "Hi Ms. Gillett, ... "
"The reason I like this one is that it's perfectly friendly and innocuous," Schwalbe said.
It's also Pachter's favorite. She said it's a safe and familiar way to address someone, whether you know them or not.
ALSO ACCEPTABLE: 'Hi everyone, ... '
If you're addressing a group of people, Pachter advised you to write, "Hi everyone."
GREETINGS TO AVOID: 'Hey!'
This is fine to use with your friends, but the very informal salutation should stay out of the workplace. It's not professional - especially if you're writing to someone you've never met, Pachter said.
Schwalbe agreed: "I can never get out of my head my grandmother's admonition, 'Hey is for horses.'"
'Hey there!'
Also avoid "Hey there." It tells the person, "I don't know your name, but if I try to sound cool and casual, maybe you won't notice."
'Hi [name]!!!!'
"People sometimes get carried away and put a number of exclamation points at the end of their sentences," Pachter wrote in "The Essentials of Business Etiquette." "The result can appear too emotional or immature."
Pachter wrote that, if you must use an exclamation point, you should use only one.
'Greetings, ... '
This is a good backup to "Hi [name] ... " if you don't know the recipient's name. But you should always do whatever you can to find out that information.
'To whom it may concern, ... '
The recipient might think, "OK, this doesn't concern me ... I don't need to continue reading."
It's also a cold and very impersonal way to start an email message.
'Dear Mr./Mrs./Ms. [last name], ... '
The "Dear" family is tricky because it's not always terrible or wrong to use, but it can sometimes come off as a bit too formal.
'Dear [first name], ... '
Again, it's not the worst greeting in the world, but it's a little old-fashioned.
'Dear friend, ... '
"If you don't know my name, or can't be bothered to use it, we probably aren't friends," Schwalbe said.
'Dear [Job Title], ... '
Granted, addressing your email to the position your recipient is better than going with 'To whom it may concern, ...' - it shows that you put in some effort.
But it still reads as extremely generic. And if you're already putting in effort to figure out what the position of the person you're addressing is, you'd be better off going the extra step and figuring out who that person is. All it takes is a little more research.
'Dear Ma'am, ... '
Apart from being generic and giving off an impersonal vibe, this one can be offensive to the recipient.
As one informal New York Times poll found, few women really appreciate being called "ma'am" - it tends to make them feel old and disrespected.
'Dear Sir or Madam, ... '
Way too formal!
Plus, this salutation tells the recipient that you have no idea who they are, Pachter said. "Why then should the reader be interested in what you have to say?"
Schwalbe added: "This one is very stiff. It always feels like bad news or a complaint will follow."
'Hello, ... '
Not bad, but a bit informal if you're addressing someone you don't know very well.
'Good morning/afternoon/evening, ... '
It may not be morning, afternoon, or evening anymore by the time your email reaches the person - or if they're in a different time zone - so it's best just to skip these.
'Mr./Mrs./Ms. [last name], ... '
Another stiff and abrupt one. The recipient may feel like you're about to reprimand them.
'Mr./Mrs./Ms. [first name], ... '
Pachter said this is how young children address their teachers: "Mrs. Susan, can you help me with this math problem?"
It's not appropriate in the professional world.
'To [name], ... '
This wording is awkward and juvenile-sounding.
'Hi Mrs. ... '
"Use 'Ms.' unless you know the woman wants to be addressed as 'Mrs.,'" Rubin wrote.
'[First name]!'
First off, it's a bit informal and abrupt. Then when you tack on the exclamation point, it just gets annoying.
"It's a bit jarring right off the bat - like someone is shouting at me," Schwalbe said. "Even without the exclamation, it's a bit abrupt. Better to precede the name with 'Hi' than just blurt it out."
'Yo!'
Do we really need to explain why this one is a no-no?
'[Misspelled name], ... '
Spell the recipient's name correctly.
"Many people are insulted if their name is misspelled," Pachter said. "Check for the correct spelling in the person's signature block. You can also check the 'To' line. Often, people's first or last names are in their addresses."
'Hi folks, ... '
"Though the business world is more informal today than in the past," Pachter recommended avoiding laid-back, colloquial expressions like "folks" in business communications.
'Hey y'all, ... '
This is another laid-back, colloquial expression that's best avoided in a professional email.
'Hi guys, ... '
To begin with, "Hi guys" is considered too laid-back for professional emails.
But using gendered language to address mixed-gender groups presents other problems. First, it's inaccurate. And secondly, it could cause offense.
"Failing to acknowledge women by using a male catchall phrase evokes the sexism woven into every aspect of being," wrote Diane Rubino, an adjunct instructor at NYU and Columbia University, for Wiley.
'Gentlemen, ... '
This one's also sexist, Pachter said.
'Hi [nickname], ... '
Don't take it upon yourself to call William "Will" or Jennifer "Jen." Unless the person has introduced themselves using a nickname or uses one in the signature of their own emails, stick to their full name.
'Hi, ... '
This greeting not only sounds abrupt, but it also lacks the customization necessary to grab your reader's attention.
Including the person's name in an email is a crucial way to get their attention, Danny Rubin wrote in "Wait, How Do I Write This Email?"
"Dale Carnegie, a legendary author and speaker on leadership, believed a person's name is the 'sweetest and most important sound in any language,'" he wrote. "Same goes for email."
'All, ... '
This one also sounds abrupt.
Again, if you're writing to a group, use "Hi everyone."
'Happy Friday!!!'
You don't want to be overly enthusiastic. It's not professional and sets the wrong tone. Plus, it might get under the recipient's skin.
[No greeting]
Always use a salutation, Pachter wrote: "You'll seem friendlier if you do."
Jacquelyn Smith contributed to earlier versions of this article.