• Prostitution is legal and regulated in Germany, Switzerland, Greece, Austria, and many other countries in Europe.
  • Many major European cities have red-light districts and regulated brothels that pay taxes and follow certain rules.
  • Regulating the prostitution industry was supposed to help limit sex trafficking and connect sex workers with critical health and government services, but reports say there hasn’t been much success on either front.

Prostitution is big business in Europe.

By some estimates, the number of prostitutes across the European Union’s 28 members states ranges between 700,000 and as many as 1.2 million. In Germany alone, the industry is estimated to be worth $16.3 billion, according to Germany’s Federal Statistics Office.

While prostitution has a long history in Europe, it’s legality varies from country to country. In countries like Germany and Greece, the sex trade is fully legalized and regulated, whereas is many northern European countries like Sweden, it is illegal to buy sex, but not illegal to sell it.

Brothels and red-light districts have been a part of major European cities like Amsterdam and Hamburg for decades and, in some cases, centuries. But the current era of prostitution began around 2000 when the Netherlands became one of the first major European countries to formalize prostitution’s legality and regulate it like any other industry. Germany, Greece, and others followed suit, though Switzerland has had fully legal prostitution since 1942.

Legalizing and regulating prostitution was supposed to make the trade safer for sex workers, helping them access critical health and government services, but by most accounts, it mostly resulted in turning prostitution a major industry with hotel-sized brothels, brothel chains, and a cash cow of tax revenue.

Here's what the sex industry in Europe is actually like.


While laws vary, Europe has a more permissive attitude towards prostitution than in the US. In Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Greece, Turkey, the Netherlands, Hungary, and Latvia, prostitution is legal and regulated. In other countries, it is legal but not regulated.

Foto: sourceWikimedia Commons

For most Americans, prostitution in Europe likely calls to mind Amsterdam's red-light district. In 2000, the Netherlands was one of the first countries to legalize and regulate prostitution ...

Foto: Night view of De Wallen red-light district with its many red-light windows, in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 24 April 2004.sourceHoracio Villalobos/Corbis via Getty Images

... leading to scenes like this in Amsterdam's famous De Wallen district, a neighborhood famous for marijuana coffee shops and sex-worker windows, where prostitutes try to solicit customers for a 30-minute soiree.

Foto: Prostitutes wait for clients behind glass doors in the Red Light District on April 19, 2017 in Amsterdam, Netherlands.sourceHoracio Villalobos - Corbis/Corbis via Getty Images

Though the Netherlands began regulating prostitution in 2000, the sex trade was more or less tolerated for decades before. The idea behind legalizing the trade was that it would it would root out organized crime, limit human trafficking, improve worker access to healthcare, and make sex work safer.

Foto: The red light district in Amsterdam in 1976.sourceGetty Images

Source: The Independent


While prostitution has been legal in Switzerland since 1942 and is protected by the constitution, Petit Fleur, the first legal brothel, didn't open until 1998. Typically, sex workers work in a brothel or buy a daily "ticket" to sell sex in designated street areas.

Foto: The first legal brothel called "Petit Fleur" (little flower) opened in Zurich February 25, 1998.sourceREUTERS

Source: Dignity, Spokesman


Europe's 'biggest brothel' is Germany. While sex work was tolerated as early as the 1800s, the government formally legalized it in 2002. The trade has since exploded into a $16.3 billion a year business with as many as over 1 million sex workers.

Foto: Revelers visit the "Große Freiheit" Street in Hamburg, Germany, 01 January 2017.sourceAxel Heimken/picture alliance via Getty Images

Reeperbahn in Hamburg, Germany has long been one of the world's most famous red-light districts. In its 1980s heyday, it was home to over 1,000 prostitutes, but in recent years, the area has become better known cheap bars and binge drinking.

Foto: Pedestrians walk past various brothels and pubs on the Reeberbahn. St. Pauli, with its sparkling subculture, has always been synonymous with the city of Hamburg.sourceAxel Heimken/picture alliance via Getty Images

Source: The Independent


Hamburg's main sex-trade street is blocked by 12-foot high barricades on either end, and men under eighteen and women are prohibited from entering. The barricades are a major point of contention for feminist activists, who frequently demonstrate nearby.

Foto: A women's rights activist holds a banner reading, "No special rights for clients (of prostitutes)", as they demonstrate in Hamburg's St Pauli red-light district.sourceREUTERS/Fabian Bimmer

Source: The Independent


German red-light districts like Reeperbahn are typically populated by 'eros centers,' where women can rent one-room apartments for $90 to $160 a day. The women then sell to customers at prices they negotiate directly. The brothel takes only the room rental fee.

Foto: sourceREUTERS/Leonhard Foeger

Source: The Independent


The oldest brothel in Hamburg is Hotel Luxor, which opened over 60 years ago. In 2008, Waltraud Mehrer, the Luxor's "madame," closed the brothel due to declining business. "Yes, many people see our closing as a sad development," she told The Independent, "But you can't make money by offering real sex on the Reeperbahn any more."

Foto: A prostitute walks down a corridor at the infamous brothel 'Hotel Luxor' at the Reeperbahn red-light district in Hamburg March 18, 2008.sourceREUTERS/Christian Charisius

Source: The Independent


One of the largest 'eros centers' is Pascha, a 12-story brothel-nightclub in Cologne, Germany.

Foto: The Pascha brothel in Cologne, Germany.sourceullstein bild / Getty

Pascha makes money by charging women $195 a day for a room. Typically, a woman has to sleep with four men to break even. Pascha has hair, tanning, and nail salons, a restaurant, and a boutique for the women.

Foto: A prostitute waits at the brothel-nightclub Pascha in Salzburg, Austria.sourceREUTERS/Leonhard Foeger

Source: The Telegraph


Pascha is run by Hermann Mueller, whose father opened the brothel. Mueller told The Telegraph in 2014 that his girlfriend of several years is a prostitute. Her profession doesn't bother him. “Well, if you work in this industry for so many years, prostitution becomes like a regular job," he said.

Foto: Owner Hermann "Pascha" Mueller gestures in his brothel-nightclub Pascha in Salzburg, Austria, June 16, 2015.sourceREUTERS/Leonhard Foeger

Source: The Telegraph


Legalized prostitution has spawned even bigger ventures than Pascha, like Paradise, a chain of five brothels across Germany, with more on the way. In 2014, Paradise opened a 15,000 square foot, $5 million brothel near the French border.

Source: The Telegraph


Not everyone is happy about the increased sex trade. In Saarbrücken, Germany, many locals protested the opening of Paradise. Mayor Charlotte Britz told The Telegraph in 2014 that "Prostitution has reached intolerable levels" in Saarbrücken.

Source: The Telegraph


All entrants to Paradise — both sex workers and customers — pay an $89 entrance fee. From there, anyone can use the facilities, which include saunas, a movie theater, a restaurant, and rooms. Sex workers negotiate directly with customers. The going-rate for 30 minutes is about $56.

Foto: Prostitutes stand in the corridor as they wait for their appearance at the "GeizHaus" brothel in the northern German town of Hamburg April 16, 2009.sourceREUTERS/Christian Charisius

Source: The Telegraph


Most sex workers, whether in Germany, the Netherlands, or Greece, tend to come from Eastern European countries like Romania or Bulgaria, according to Public Radio International. Many are coerced or trafficked.

Foto: Romanian prostitutes pose in the brothel "Pussy Club" in Schoenefeld April 15, 2009.sourceREUTERS/Hannibal Hanschke

Source: PRI


Not every customer wants sex. One worker (not pictured) told The Telegraph that she's had customers that want to be walked on a leash "like a doggy," while others only want to tell her stories about their childhood. "You know, you must be like a gum — malleable. Become whatever they need," she said.

Foto: Prostitutes Mary and Jill (L) pose on a bed at the "GeizHaus" brothel in the northern German town of Hamburg April 16, 2009.sourceREUTERS/Christian Charisius

Source: The Telegraph


While the sex trade has encouraged "sex tourists" from the UK, France, and the US to visit, many customers are locals that have been going for years. A man named Michael told Reuters he'd been going since he was 13 and had a favorite sex worker he frequented.

Foto: Michael, who walks around in the red light district of Amsterdam since the age of 13, comes to visit his favorite prostitute in the neighborhood on December 8, 2008.sourceANOEK DE GROOT/AFP/Getty Images

Like any other industry, it fluctuates with the economy. In 2006, with Germany seeing a flood of tourists for the World Cup, many brothels saw a boom in business. After the financial crisis in 2009, business tanked.

Foto: The Artemis brothel in Germany doubled the number of prostitutes it had to satisfy the needs of libidinous fans during the month-long World Cup 2006.sourceREUTERS/Tobias Schwarz

In Greece, the economy has been so bad that it has pushed more women into the sex trade, with Athens seeing a 7% increase in sex workers since 2012, even as the price for sex has dropped.

Foto: Greek prostitutes participate in a demonstration outside Greek Interior ministry July 24, 2003.sourceREUTERS/Yiorgos Karahalis

Source: New York Times


One researcher found that the price for a prostitute had dropped from $41 in 2012 to $20 in 2017.

Foto: A brothel in the Metaxourgio District of Athens, Greece.sourceIakovos Hatzistavrou/Pacific Press/NurPhoto/Getty Images

Source: New York Times


Switzerland and Germany have both pioneered so-called "sex boxes" to eliminate street solicitation. In 2012, the Swiss government spent $2 million to build a facility where sex workers pay a daily fee to work the facility. Customers drive in, negotiate with a worker, park in a box, and then do their thing,

Foto: A car drives past illuminated so-called 'sex boxes' during a media preview at a sex drive-in west of Zurich, Switzerland August 26, 2013sourceREUTERS/Arnd Wiegmann

Source: USAToday


The facility includes security and on-site social services and is open at 7 p.m. until late in the night. A city spokesperson told USAToday that the facility has been effective at stopping violence against sex workers and reducing human trafficking.

Foto: A poster recommending the use of condoms is pictured inside an illuminated so-called 'sex box' during a media preview at a sex drive-in west of Zurich, Switzerland August 26, 2013.sourceREUTERS/Arnd Wiegmann

Source: USAToday


The industry has developed its own mini-celebrities over the years. Molly Luft, who passed away in 2010, was once considered Germany's most famous prostitute. She regularly appeared on talk shows and even had her own late-night show at one point.

Foto: Molly Luft was once one of Germany's leading brothel operators and perhaps the country's most famous prostitute.sourceREUTERS/Manuela Hartling EKG/JOH/CRB

Source: BZ Berlin


Meanwhile, Martine and Louise Fokkens at 70 years old are considered Amsterdam's oldest prostitutes. They have worked the De Wallen district for fifty years and written books about their experience.

Foto: Prostitutes Martine (R) and Louise (L) Fokkens, 70, walk around the red-light-district of Amsterdam on November 15, 2012, the Netherlands.sourceAFP Photo/Anoek de Groot

Some cities even have holidays to celebrate their red-light district. Each summer Frankfurt hosts "Bahnhofsviertelnacht" or "Train Station Quarter Night", a festival that runs through the city's famous red-light district.

Foto: Two dancers entertain the public during 'Bahnhofsviertelnacht' (lit. train station quarter night) outside the 'My Way' bar in the red light district of Frankfurt am Main, Germany, 17 August 2017.sourceBoris Roessler/picture alliance via Getty Images

Amsterdam even has a Museum of Prostitution celebrating the city's history of the sex trade ...

Foto: Museum of Prostitution - Red Light Secrets, Oudezijds Achterburgwal, Rotlichtviertel, Amsterdam, NiederlandesourceSchöning/ullstein bild via Getty Images

... where you can see a what a typical sex room would look like.

Foto: A view of a room in the first Museum of Prostitution in Amsterdam, called 'Red Light Secrets', in The Netherlands, on January 31, 2014.sourceKoen van Weel/AFP/Getty Images

Despite Switzerland's successes with the "sex box" experiment, many are starting to consider sex work legalization to be a failure in the Netherlands and Germany. Despite hopes that legalization would bring sex work out of the dark, little about the industry is in the open.

Foto: Clients and tourists walk around, looking for prostitutes exposed in shopwindows in the red light district of Amsterdam on December 8, 2008.sourceANOEK DE GROOT/AFP/Getty Images

Source: DW


Only 76 women have taken advantage of laws that would allow them to get social security. Many hoped a 2017 reform law would improve regulation, but it seems to have done little. In Hamburg, about 600 sex workers registered with police as required, but some social services believe there are as many as 6,000 sex workers in the city.

Foto: A Romanian prostitute lying on her bed at a brothel at Taunusstrasse during the 'Bahnhofsviertelnacht' in Frankfurt/Main, Germany.sourceBoris Roessler/picture alliance via Getty Images

Source: DW


Because many sex workers are foreigners and only come for a few months, they see no benefit in registering. They don't want to pay taxes or be branded as sex workers.

Foto: The red-light district in Amsterdam.sourceKlaus Roseullstein bild via Getty Images

Source: The Telegraph


“A lot of people just do it for a short period in their lives. They don’t want to have in their CV, 'I was a whore from 2007 to 2009,'" a spokeswoman for Germany's Trade Association for Erotic and Sexual Services (not pictured) told The Telegraph.

Foto: A prostitute covers her face with a cushion to avoid being photographed at her prostitution window-booth in the Red Light district, Amsterdam.sourceHoracio Villalobos/Corbis/Getty Images

Source: The Telegraph


A bigger issue is that many activists say they've seen an increase in human trafficking since the sex trade was legalized. The vast majority of human trafficking is for forced prostitution, and Germany and the Netherlands are among the worst offenders. Raids on red-light establishments are frequent, but human trafficking is difficult to prosecute.

Foto: Police officers standing in front of a red light establishment in Frankfurt, Germany in September 2018.sourceBoris Roessler/picture alliance via Getty Images

Source: The Telegraph


A European Union-funded report found that over 23,000 people were trafficked from 2008 to 2010. Activists say legal sex work makes it easier for traffickers to have coerced trafficked workers in plain sight. Sometimes, workers come willingly, lured by profit, but find working conditions to be abysmal.

Foto: A brothel operator (l) arrives in a courtroom of the Regional Court on the day of the pronouncement of judgement in the trial for alleged promotion of human trafficking.sourceSebastian Gollnow/picture alliance via Getty Images

Source: CityLab, BBC


Some sex workers argue that the solution is not to a ban, but better legislation. "Sex work is constantly conflated with human trafficking," Velvet December (not pictured), an activist for Proud, a sex worker-led organization based in Amsterdam, told Foreign Policy. “This ...  leaves no room for the realities we face and to address the problems we see."

Foto: Sex workers from more than 36 countries demonstrate as a side event of the AIDS2018 conference in Amsterdam on July 24, 2018.sourceRobin van Lonkhuijsen/ANP/AFP/Getty Images

Source: Foreign Policy


Amsterdam's mayor, Femke Halsema (not pictured), has called for changes, saying that the industry is "increasingly linked to the humiliation of women by large groups of tourists." Halsema seemed to be referring to tourists who only come to take selfies of the women, often against their will.

Foto: Sex workers are seen behind windows at the red light district in Amsterdam, Netherlands, 24 April 2015.sourceHoracio Villalobos/Corbis via Getty Images

Source: Sputnik News


There are many feminist activist groups throughout Europe that are outright against any kind of legal prostitution and are trying to ban it. Sabine Constabel, the leader of Sisters, a group that helps women leave the sex trade, considers any kind of sex work to be rape.

Foto: Topless members of feminist movement Femen tear down a gate to the red light district on Women's Day, March 8, 2019 in Hamburg, Germany.sourcePatrik Stollarz/AFP/Getty Images

Source: DW


There has been a growing movement for countries to adopt Sweden's model, where it is legal to sell sex, but not to buy it. Customers get slapped with hefty fines. Some activists believe eliminating demand would curb sex trafficking.

Foto: A car passes a brothel along the main road to Germany October 21, 2003 in Pilsen, Czech Republic.sourceGetty

Source: BBC


But given the history in the Netherlands and Germany, it is unlikely such a measure would get through. Previous attempts to curb the sex trade there sparked backlash. A more likely reform is to criminalize people that pay for sex with a trafficked or coerced worker.

Foto: Sex workers and sympathizers demonstrate on April 9, 2015 against the closure of window brothels by the municipality in the red light district in AmsterdamsourceROBIN VAN LONKHUIJSEN/AFP/Getty Images

Source: The Independent