A California city gave some residents $500 per month. After a year, the group wound up with more full-time jobs and less depression.

• In Stockton, California, 125 residents got $500 per month, no strings attached, for two years.
• After one year, full-time employment had increased in the group, and depression and anxiety decreased.
• The experiment ended in January, but it has inspired other mayors to launch more basic-income pilots.
• Visit the Business section of Insider for more stories.

Michael Tubbs didn’t see much risk in giving money to his city’s poorest residents, no strings attached. The former mayor of Stockton, a city in California’s Central Valley, is a strong proponent of universal basic income – a policy that essentially pays people for being alive as a way to alleviate poverty.

“My belief in it came from being raised by three amazing women, including my single mom,” Tubbs told Insider. “The issue wasn’t that they couldn’t manage money. The issue was they never had enough money to manage.”

As mayor, Tubbs spearheaded the Stockton Economic Empowerment Demonstration (SEED), a pilot program that gave 125 residents debit cards loaded with $500 each month. The program launched in February 2019 and ended in January. 

Its critics argued that cash stipends would reduce the incentive for people to find jobs. But the SEED program met its goal: to improve the quality of life of 125 residents struggling to make ends meet. To qualify for the pilot, residents had to reside in a neighborhood where the median household income was the same as or lower than the city’s overall: around $46,000. 

A new report from a team of independent researchers found that Stockton’s program reduced unemployment among participants during its first year and helped many of them pay off debt. The report studied the impact of the payments during the year from February 2019 through February 2020. SEED participants also reported improvements in their emotional wellbeing and decreases in anxiety or depression.

"It's really made a huge impact on my quality of life and being able to go do just normal things that a lot of people take for granted," one participant said in the report, "whether it's go out to eat once every two weeks and sit down for a nice dinner, or whether it's, you know, my mom's birthday and I just want to get her a birthday present."

Tubbs said it's likely the $500 monthly payments helped in other ways during the pandemic, such as tiding people over until their stimulus checks arrived or allowing them to take days off work if they got COVID-19.

"We know anecdotally that the $500 allowed some members of the program to stay at home and not go to work because they don't have paid time off," Tubbs said. "They were able to listen to the doctor because they knew that the two weeks off work wouldn't be catastrophic."

Most of the money went toward food and merchandise

Participants in Stockton's basic-income program spent most of their stipends on essential items. Nearly 37% of the recipients' payments went toward food, while 22% went toward sales and merchandise - like trips to Walmart or dollar stores. Another 11% was spent on utilities, and 10% was spent on auto costs. Less than 1% of the money went toward alcohol or tobacco.

By February 2020, more than half the participants said they had enough cash to cover an unexpected expense, compared to just 25% of participants at the start of the program. The portion of participants who were making payments on their debts rose from 52% to 62% during the program's first year.

Unemployment among basic-income recipients dropped from 12% in February 2019 to 8% in February 2020. During that time, the experiment's control group - those who didn't receive monthly stipends - saw unemployment rise from 14% to 15%.

Full-time employment among basic-income recipients rose from 28% to 40% during the program's first year. In the control group, full-time employment increased as well, though less dramatically: from 32% to 37%. 

"Everything I thought would happen, I said would happen - I argued with Sarah Palin and Chuck Woolery and talked to CBS This Morning and Bill Meyer about - actually happened," Tubbs said. "I remember telling people, 'I think that $500 will allow people to work more if they choose to do so.' And that playing out in the data - it makes me so proud."

The researchers also found that decreases in anxiety, depression, and extreme financial stress encouraged participants to set goals and helped them better cope with unexpected financial setbacks.

"I had panic attacks and anxiety," one participant said in the report. "I was at the point where I had to take a pill for it, and I haven't even touched them in a while." 

Basic income faces an uphill political battle

Tubbs lost his reelection bid in November, but his departure didn't affect the SEED program, since it was always designed to be temporary. 

Tubbs' larger vision is to make basic income a national policy. In June, he launched Mayors for a Guaranteed Income, a coalition of mayors interested in starting similar basic-income pilots across the US. At least 40 mayors, including Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti, Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms, and Seattle Mayor Jenny Durkan, have joined the group. Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey donated $18 million to the cause.

Inspired by Stockton's trial, Saint Paul, Minnesota, started a basic-income pilot in the fall. It gives $500 per month to 150 low-income families for up to 18 months. Richmond, Virginia, meanwhile, is distributing $500 per month to 18 working families. And Compton, California, is giving 800 residents a guaranteed income of between $300 to $600 dollars per month for a two-year period.

No Republican mayor has joined Mayors for a Guaranteed Income - and interest in a basic-income policy skews heavily Democratic. Former Democratic presidential candidate Andrew Yang made basic income a prominent part of his 2020 campaign platform, pledging to give $1,000 a month to every adult US citizen over 18.

But as far as data goes, Tubbs said there's more than enough research to suggest that a federal basic-income policy would improve Americans' quality of life.

"I am so proud of all the pilots, but I'm ready for policy," Tubbs said. "I've got all the evidence I need."